Pennsylvania religion = atheism

Would you have guessed that an 18th century phrase “Pennsylvania religion” was a synonym for atheism. It was and here is why.

Pennsylvania gave a home to a diversity of churches. This was viewed by most denominations as impiety. Church officials of various denominations proclaimed that Pennsylvania was the most irreligious colony in America. This view did not help the Moravian cause centered in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.

Julius Sachse, in his book, The German Sectarians in Pennsylvania (1708-1742) wrote the following:

“All shades or sectarians exist here down to open infidelity. Besides the English, Swedish and German Lutherans, and the Scotch, Dutch and German Reformed, there were Arminians, Baptists, Mennonites, Arians, Socinians, Schwenckfelders, German Old Tuckers, New Tuckers, New Lights, Inspired, Sabbatarians or Seventh-Day Baptists, Hermits, Independents and Free Thinkers.” 

This represented a disorganized spiritual life in colonial Pennsylvania. It stood in stark contrast with life in a German parish, with its clear lines of authority, intimacy and order.

Image: T. Bagge Community Store - Salem

Photo Credit: Digital Forsyth

The Community Store opened in 1775. The store was named for its proprietor, Traugott Bagge. Bagge served as Salem’s spokesman during the Revolutionary War, when the Moravians remained neutral despite pressure from both sides. 

From Bagge’s death in 1800 the building continued to function as a store and residence. Today it is both a store and museum run by Old Salem, Inc., 

Christmas Post: Christmas Candles

Photo Credit: Unity Moravian Church, Winston-Salem

Bishop Johann Michael Graff was the first resident Moravian bishop in North Carolina. He introduced a Christmas custom that children and adults of the Wachovia would cherish - to this day. 

At the love feast on Christmas Eve Bishop Graff gave each child a lighted candle. This is a custom that began in Marienborn in Germany in 1747. It gradually spread to Moravian congregations throughout the world. 

In the Wachovia of North Carolina the first of these candle distributions was held 1762. 

The Symbolism of the Candle

The candles distributed to Moravians in America were made from beeswax. Beeswax, considered the purest of all waxes suggested the purity of Christ. 

The candle, giving its life as it burned, suggested the sacrifice of the sinless Christ for sinful humanity. The light also signified Christ - as the light of the world. 

The red trim brings to mind the blood of Jesus - shed for the salvation of those who turn to Him in faith. 

Jesus said to them, “Very truly I tell you, unless you eat the flesh of the Son of Man and drink his blood, you have no life in you. Whoever eats my flesh and drinks my blood has eternal life, and I will raise them up at the last day. For my flesh is real food and my blood is real drink. Whoever eats my flesh and drinks my blood remains in me, and I in them. John 6:53-56.

The Bethlehem Diary

The town diary has a full account, a free translation of which is:

At eight o’clock the children assembled for their Vigils service in the congregation chapel. After the choir sang the old Christmas hymn, “Today we celebrate the birth,” Brother Peter Boehler talked about the birth of the Savior, using as illustration the Christmas Eve painting which was illuminated and surrounded with the Daily Texts from the past two days. The children took part with Christmas verses, singing them with spirit and tenderness. Then each received a gift as a reminder of the greatest and most wonderful gift when the Savior gave himself to us.

And, at last, each was given a wax candle, lighted while hymns were being sung, and before one was aware of it, more than 250 candles were ablaze, producing a charming effect and a very agreeable odor, especially as they sang the concluding hymn.

Brother Peter dismissed them with the wish that their hearts would burn as brightly toward the Child Jesus, as the candles were burning. Then they went happily homeward with the still-burning candles in their hands.

Christmas Post: Home Moravian Church - Christmas past

Photo Credit: Digital Forsyth

Home Moravian Church at Christmas past

On Christmas Day at dawn the birth of Jesus was announced with trombones or French horns as was the case in 1780. A diarist confirms this with this statement, “The French horns played early in the morning.” 

At 9 AM there was a liturgical worship for communicant members of the church. It was accompanied with a sermon. Another worship service began at 10 AM and featured a sermon in both English and German. The churches would have been decorated with greenery as photographed above.

The Salem Diary for 1771 reported: "On December 25th at 10 AM, there was preaching on the Gospel for the day: that God became man, taking part in our flesh and blood, was powerfully set forth as a truth from God.”

Christmas Post: The spread of Moravian Christmas traditions

Non-Moravian neighbors after making contact with Moravians seemed pleased to borrow from the Christmas Moravian traditions.

The warm hearted, Christ centered Moravians founded schools for the Cherokee. When the tribe was relocated to Oklahoma in the 1830’s memories of the traditions of the Moravian schools traveled with them. This is but one example of how Moravian Christmas traditions spread. 

Not only have Moravian Christmas traditions spread but they have endured.  There is a reason for this. In the 1700’s most Americans celebrated the holiday with more secular and adult activities such as shooting matches, cockfights, and balls and parties. As time went on Americans sought to be more family friendly at Christmas and found fitting Moravian traditions - tried and true. Where there are Moravian churches, even to this day, participation in the seasonal traditions continue unabated. 

Christmas Post: Moravian children and Christmas

Photo Credit: Unity Moravian Church, Winston-Salem

An integral part of the Moravian Christmas celebration meant that children were included in the preparations. The effect of which was to pass on the Moravian traditions to the next generation. 

Children did their part in Christmas preparations by going into the woods to collect greenery, moss, and small trees. These were used in the decorating of the church.  

Additionally children helped in the dipping of candles, the baking of Christmas cakes, the gathering of apples, the chopping of wood, the preparation of meals, and the butchering of hogs. 

They committed to memory Bible verses and music relating to Christ's birth and delighted in the Putz - which is to say the Nativity scene. 

All of these activities and more gave young people and children sensory points of reference to strengthen their faith.

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Christmas Post: Simplicity

The Moravians, years back, were intentionally simple people. This is not to be confused with being simple-minded. As regarding Christmas Moravians of old would not understand our extravagance in Christmas gift giving. 

Records and diaries of the period seldom describe the gift given although they were mentioned. One Peter Wolle in 1816 references small gifts like “sugar-things” for his godchildren. He also mentioned receiving “a wax-candle with three wicks and 2 apples.” 

In a paper given to the Alumnae Society of the Moravian Girls Boarding School in Salem, on June 3, 1890, Miranda Miller Scarborough talked about the period of 1831-1834. She said:

“I still remember how happy we were on every Christmas morning when we entered our study rooms to see on each of our table drawers a profusion of candy, cakes, nuts, etc. and also two wax candles for each girl, which were burning emblematic of the ‘light which was coming into the world,’ and made everything look so pretty. We enjoyed it all…”

Christmas Post: The Moravian Advent/Christmas Star

The many-pointed Star, sometimes call the Advent Star or the Moravian Star, was introduced IN Salem, NC, in the early 1900’s. It had been developed as a geometry project in several German boys’ schools about 1850. 

In Germany they appear in colors of red, yellow and white. In American they are usually white. Some are made of plastic, others paper, and still others metal. 

The traditional star has 26 points but some have more or less, up to 110. Some are lighted and others not. 

Christmas Post: The Moravian Christmas Pyramid

The early Moravians brought rich Christmas traditions to the English colony of Pennsylvania and the Wachovia of North Carolina. One of their traditions was the Christmas pyramid. These four-sided, pyramid-shaped frame structures had a long history in northern and eastern Germany.

The pyramids were placed on tables and hung with cookies, candies and fruit - and featured a nativity scene or Putz. At least as early as 1748, the Christmas pyramid was in use in Bethlehem. On Dec. 25 of that year, the Bethlehem Diary recorded the following:

"Quite early, the little children enjoyed a delightful festal occasion. Their brethren had decorated various pyramids with candles, apples and hymn stanzas and, also, drawn a picture in which the children were represented as presenting their Ave to the Christ-Child …"

The Christmas pyramid is a combination of whimsy and piety. The middle shelf is traditionally where the Nativity Scene or Putz was placed. The image above is my 2017 Christmas Pyramid. 

Christmas Post: The key to a Moravian Christmas & Moravian Christmas cakes

“The Moravians know how to keep Christmas,” but “the simple secret” of such a Christmas is “that the Lord Jesus Christ must have first place in it.” —The Wachovia Moravian, December 1895

Moravian Christmas Cakes

Sharing baked goods at Christmas was a popular Moravian tradition. Consider this diary entry dated December 21, 1834:

“On this day a great many people bake their Christmas cakes. There being but a few patterns in town, they are borrowed in every house and consequently only a few can bake at a time.”

The next year he wrote on December 21: “A disagreeable day. But Christmas cakes were to be baked tomorrow and so I started off to get some molasses…”

An unknown diarist wrote: “Of all Christmas odors — lingering whiff of cedar, spice of burning pine — there is none as redolent as the smell of baking Christmas cakes…”

The thin, spicy, ginger cookies sold today have evolved out of this centuries old Christmas tradition of Germans in North Carolina (Wachovia), Pennsylvania (Bethlehem) and Europe.

Travel for the early Moravians

Travel from Bethlehem, PA to North Carolina was done by the “Great Philadelphia Wagon Road”. That said, in the year 1753, the year the Moravians arrived in the Wachovia of North Carolina it was not yet a road. The “road” at the time was a path. The fifteen Moravian brothers often had to cut down trees and widen the path in order to pass. In places it was only three feet wide.

Eventually, the road was wide enough for the famed German Conestoga or Pennsylvania wagons. Wagons could carry up to ten tons and were pulled by five or six horse teams. The fastest of wagons could average about five miles a day. Designed like boats, with ends that were higher than the middle, once the wheels were removed the heavily-caulked wagon body could be floated across Western streams. 

By 1765 the Great Wagon Road was cleared sufficiently for such horse drawn vehicles. By 1775 the trail had grown into a decent road stretching about 700 miles. The distance for the Moravians traveling from North Carolina’s Wachovia to Philadelphia was 455 miles

Who are the Moravians?

A Moravian sister at Old Salem

The Moravian Church is a Protestant denomination. Early Moravians settled in the Piedmont of North Carolina, 250 some years ago and have contributed significantly to the area’s rich culture. 

The Pulpit of Jan Has

This denomination originated in the Czech Republic around 1415. They were, early on, followers of the martyr, Jan Hus.  

Moravian missionaries made their way from Germany to Pennsylvania, and then settled in Salem, NC, on 100,000 purchased acres known as the Wachovia Tract.  The living history experience, Old Salem, in Winston-Salem, seeks to preserve the history and way of life of these settlers and to educate visitors about their origins, worth and impact.

The Holy Spirit enabled the growth

In the year 1743 the Moravians recorded the following numbers with reference to converts to Jesus Christ as a result of missionary effort.

Greenland: 20

Cape of Good Hope: 30

Ceylon: 5

Bernice and Surinam: 27

St. Thomas: 300

St. Croix and St. John: 3

North American natives: 45

1 Corinthians 3:6

Gathering wood at the woodshed

A Moravian sister gathers firewood in her apron for the tavern kitchen at Old Salem, NC - a living history experience. 

Moravians standing with the Eastern Orthodox Church

In 1740 the patriarch of Constantinople, Neophytus , send a letter that affirmed the orthodoxy of the Moravian Church to all of the metropolitans of the Eastern Orthodox Church. 

Moravian Slaw

Ingredients

1 large head cabbage, rinsed and shredded

1 large onion, peeled and chopped

1 green bell pepper, seeded and chopped

1 small can diced pimento, undrained

1/2 cup pickled relish (sweet pepper relish)

Salt

1/2 cup very warm water

3/4 cup white vinegar

1 cup sugar

Directions

Trim cabbage and rinse with cold water. Place in mixing bowl. Add onion, bell pepper. Add pimento and pickled relish, and season with salt.

Mix together water and vinegar. Add sugar and stir to dissolve. Add to cabbage and mix well. Pat down and marinate overnight in refrigerator.

Recipe courtesy of Home Moravian Church, via, the Food Network

Moravian Music

Count Nicholas von Zinzendorf—an early leader of the Moravian Church—believed that worshippers were communicating with God not only through prayer, but through singing. One tradition that began with Count Zinzendorf was Singstunde or a song service, where the minister would begin singing hymns, and the sermon was presented through the texts of them.

Among the most famous Moravian musicians

of all time is Andy Griffith, who, as a kid, sang and played slide trombone in the band at Grace Moravian Church in Mount Airy. — Monthly Winston Salem

Quote: Count Zinzendorf on mission theory

Count Zinzendorf, an early leader of the Moravians, held this view. ”Missions, after all, is simply this: Every heart with Christ is a missionary, every heart without Christ is a mission field.”

What if anything, does the contemporary Christian church have to learn? 

Self-denial, Sacrifice and Prompt Obedience

The great 18th century leader of the Moravians, Zinzendorf, displayed a passion for Jesus. So also did his ardor for the lost. Parenthetically, does the contemporary Christian church in the West use the word "lost"? 

Count Zinzendorf became determined to evangelize the world with a handful of saints, equipped only with a burning love for Jesus and the power of prayer. The Moravian Brotherhood readily received and perpetuated the passion of their leader. 

A seal was designed to express their new found missionary zeal. (see the seal above) The seal was composed of a lamb on a crimson ground, with the cross of resurrection and a banner of triumph with the motto; “Our Lamb has conquered, let us follow Him.” It is not uncommon to see this emblem on automobiles in the Winston-Salem area.

The Moravians recognized themselves in debt to the world as the trustees of the gospel. They were taught to embrace a lifestyle of self-denial, sacrifice and prompt obedience. I suggest the contemporary church desperately needs to reclaim the concepts of "self-denial", "sacrifice" and "obedience" Agree?

These early Moravians followed the call of the Lamb to go anywhere and with an emphasis upon the worst and hardest places as having the first claim. No soldiers of the cross have ever been bolder as pioneers, more patient or persistent in difficulties, more heroic in suffering, or more entirely devoted to Christ and the souls of men than the Moravian Brotherhood. What a magnificent thing to be able to say about the church of Jesus Christ. 

From the Diary - 70 soldiers

"In the afternoon more than 70 soldiers arrived, passing through our neighborhood on their way to join the Army which is gathering on the frontier to meet the Indians. 

They camped about a half a mile from town on the road to Friedberg and stayed for two

days, during which time they made many visits to the town, but their behavior was quiet and orderly. The officers took up their quarters in our Tavern. 

On Wednesday morning they marched away, through our town and through Bethabara."  -- Diary entry for January 20, 1793.

Image - Two 18th century hats and one bag at the Tavern in Old Salem

Advent I - The Moravian Star

Below: Short YouTube video about the Moravian Star

During the Advent and Christmas seasons, many families decorate their homes with a Moravian star. The Moravian star as with so many Moravian traditions has a rich history.

The Moravian star originated in Saxony, Germany. The stars were first used to demonstrate geometry to boys attending the Moravian school. The stars were quickly adopted by the Moravian Church as a symbol of the birth of Jesus and represented the star of Bethlehem. Traditionally, the star is hung the first Sunday of Advent and remains up until Epiphany, January 6, or the time of the coming of the Magi.

The first documented Christmas tree at Williamsburg, Virginia, was decorated with Moravian stars in 1842 by a German immigrant who taught at the College of William and Mary. 

Moravian stars range from six points to over 100, but the traditional Moravian star has 26 points. Today, the Abraham Durninger Company in Herrnhut, Germany, continues the time-honored custom of selling hand-made Moravian stars from their factory. Many innovations in the styles, sizes, and colors of the stars have been created over the years. 

The Moravian star continues to represent the holiday season for Moravians and non-Moravians across the world.

Why Pennsylvania was a natural home for the earliest North American Moravians

Pennsylvania was an attractive settling place for the earliest North American Moravians. Rode Island and Pennsylvania were the only American colonies to establish freedom of religion in their respective constitutions. 

William Penn sought out persecuted Protestants in Europe. This in part explains explains why Pennsylvania was the most religiously diverse of the colonies in North America -and- attractive to the Moravians.

Roughly 100,000 Germans immigrated to Pennsylvania in the first and second quarters of the eighteenth century. About 3,200 of the immigrants were from persecuted Christian expressions. The 3,200 of course included the Moravians that established Bethlehem, Pennsylvania and surrounding Moravian communities. God had provided. 

Theory behind a proposed layout of Salem

"The entire length of this place (Salem) does not amount to half a mile so that no one would have to walk more than a quarter of a mile or more than five minutes at a leisurely pace to attend the meetings of the congregation." -- Notes on a map of the proposed Salem Square by mapmaker Christian Gottlieb Reuter, July 1765.

Home Moravian Church
Old Salem, NC

The Moravian church, in Salem, would eventually be called Home Church. The distance to it from various points in Salem figured into the decision about the town layout. 

Moravians and the American Revolution

At the early ramping up to the American Revolution the Moravians in America sought to be both passive and aloof from the beating war drums. They were, after all, pacifists - but not totally. They did own guns for defense from robbers, Indians and wild animals. But they rejected participation in warfare against an army.

With the war at their doorstep they placed their fate in the hands of their Lord and Savior - Jesus. The Salem Diary captures this spirit well. Consider:

They praised “the many instances of His wonderful help, counsel and direction in the past year. Had he not been this to us, had the Guardian of Israel not watched over us and turned aside the evil which the enemy planned against us, we would have perished.”

The Salem Diary in 1776 read: “We must say with truth and humility that our dear Lord has not only lightened the heavy load, but when misfortune and harm was (sic) threatening, He either turned it aside or made it work to our advantage.”

These early Moravians were clear about what they should do - they must follow and obey their earthly ruler as Scripture teaches. The Moravians would comply with whoever made up the rightful government be it King George or the Colonial government.